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English to Arabic: Sample General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Education / Pedagogy
Source text - English Europe in 1914 was divided into two camps, each eyeing the other with
mistrust, apprehension and animosity. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the
Central Powers while Britain, France, Russia and Italy formed the Allied
Powers.
Since 1900 a number of incidents threatened open conflict, but each time,
war was averted and tempers cooled - until June 28, 1914. On that day a
Serbian gunman assassinated Franz Joseph, heir to the Austro-Hungarian
throne, and his wife in the Bosnian town of Sarajevo. The bullet that killed
an Austrian Archduke in Sarajevo provided the spark that ignited the
political tinder box.
Austria accused Serbia of masterminding the murder. Emboldened by the
military support of Germany, Austria delivered an ultimatum to the Serbian
government that, if accepted, would have made that country a virtual
possession of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Russia weighed in on the side of
the Serbs. Surprisingly, Serbia bowed to all of Austria's demands -- except
one. Austria found Serbia's refusal justification enough to declare war,
which she did on July 28, 1914.
Events now took on a life of their own as each power acted according to the
dictates of the secret agreements they had previously signed. First, Russia
declared war against Austria. Next, Germany declared war against Russia
(August 1). Russia's ally, France, mobilized against Germany, prompting
Germany to declare war against France (August 3). Germany attacked France by
first invading neutral Belgium. Britain, as a guarantor of Belgium's
neutrality, then declared war against Germany (August 4). The lines were
drawn, the players on each side chosen. The First World War had begun.
"This was a machine, endless, tireless, with the delicate organization of a
watch and the brute power of a steam roller."
The German juggernaut smashed its way into Belgium on August 5, initially
targeting Belgium's line of defensive fortresses. The Belgian army was
forced to retreat and by August 20 the Germans entered Brussels on its way
to France. The Belgians elected not to defend the city and the Germans
marched through unhindered.
Translation - Arabic انقسمتْ أوروبا في عام 1914 إلى معسكرينِ؛ كلُّ معسكرٍ ينظرُ بعينِ السُّخْط إلى المُعسكرِ الآخرِ فيُخوِّنُهُ ويُسيءُ فهمَهُ ويُناصِبُهُ العَداءَ. وشكَّلتْ ألمانيَا والنِّمسا والمَجَرُ قُوَى المِحورِ، بَيْنما شكَّلتْ بريطانيا وفرنسا وروسيا قُوَى التَّحالفِ.
ومنذُ عام 1900 اندَلَعَتْ مجموعةٌ مِنَ الحوادثِ منذرةً بفتحِ أبوابِ الصِّراعِ عَلى مصاريعها، ولكنْ في كلِّ مرةٍ كانتْ تتمُّ السيطرةُ على الموقفِ وتهدئةُ النفوسِ، واستمرَّ الأمرُ على نفسِ المِنوالِ حتى 28 يونيو 1914. ففي هذا اليومِ قامَ رجلٌ صِربيٌّ مُسلحٌ باغتيالِ فرانز جوزيف – وليِّ عهدِ النمسا والمجرِ - وزوجتُه في مدينة سراييفو بالبوسنةِ. لقد كانتِ الطلقةُ التي قتلتْ أميرَ النمسا في سراييفو بمثابةِ الشرارةِ التي أشعلتْ فتيلَ الحريقِ السياسيِّ.
وقامتِ النمسا باتهامِ صربيا بتدبيرِ ذلكَ الاغتيالِ. ولقدْ شجَّع تأييدُ ألمانيا العسكريُّ للنمسا على قيامِ الأخيرةِ بإرسالِ إنذارٍ نهائيٍّ للحكومةِ الصربيةِ. وكانَ يعني قبولُ الحكومةِ الصربيةِ لهذا الإنذارِ أن هذه الدولةَ أصبحتْ تحتَ الحيازةِ الفعليةِ للإمبراطوريةِ النمساويةِ المجريةِ. ولقدْ مالتْ روسيا تجاهَ جانبِ الصربِ. ولكنْ ما أثارَ الدهشةَ هُوَ خنوعُ صربيا وقبولها كلَّ مطالبِ النمسا ما عدا مطلبًا واحدًا. واعتبرتِ النمسا أنَّ رفضَ صربيا لهذا المطلبِ مبررٌ كافٍ لإعلانِ الحربِ، وهذا بالفعلِ ما نفذته في 28 يوليو 1914.
والآنَ اتخذتِ الأحداثُ أبعادًا أخرى خاصةً بها؛ فقامَ كلُّ طَرَفٍ بالعملِ طبقًا لِمَا تمَّ إملاؤُهُ فِي الاتفاقياتِ السِّريةِ التي سبقَ أنْ وقَّعُوا عليها.
أولاً: قامتْ روسيا بإعلانِ الحربِ على النمسا. ثانيًا: قامتْ ألمانيا بإعلانِ الحربِ على روسيا (1 أغسطس). وقامتْ فرنسا حليفةُ روسيا بالتعبئةِ ضدَّ ألمانيا؛ مِمَّا عَجَّلَ بإعلانِ ألمانيا الحربَ ضدَّ فرنسا (3 أغسطس). وبدأتْ ألمانيا هجومَهَا عَلى فرنسا بغزوِ بلجيكا التي كانتْ على الحيادِ. وعلى الصعيدِ الآخرِ، قامتْ بريطانيا بصفتِها ضامنةً ومحافظةً على حيادِ بلجيكا- بإعلانِ الحربِ على ألمانيا (4 أغسطس). وهكذا تحددتِ الخطوطُ وتمَّ اختيارُ مَنْ سوفَ يلعبُ على مسرحِ الأحداثِ؛ فاندلعتِ الحربُ العالميةُ الأولى.
وهكذا دارَ الأمرُ بصورةٍ آليةٍ لانهائيةٍ بلا كَلََلٍ أوْ مَلَلٍ كدورانِ عقاربِ الساعةِ، وبقوةٍ غاشمةٍ تشبهُ قوةَ انحباسِ بخارٍ يتأججُ داخلَ إحدى السطواناتِ.
لقدْ حطمتِ القوةُ العارمة ُالألمانيةُ كلَّ ما يقابلُها وهي في طريقها إلى بلجيكا في 5 أغسطس. ولقدِ اضطُّرَّ الجيشُ البلجيكيُّ إلى الانسحابِ ودخلَ الألمانُ بروكسيل في 20 أغسطس متوجهينَ إلى فرنسا، واختارَ شعبُ بلجيكا عدمَ الدفاعِ عنِ المدينةِ فسارَ الألمانُ خلالَها لا يردَعُهُمْ رادعٌ.
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - In English Literature
Experience
Years of experience: 13. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2007.
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