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Spanish to English - Rates: 0.03 - 0.06 GBP per word / 13 - 25 GBP per hour French to English - Rates: 0.03 - 0.06 GBP per word / 13 - 25 GBP per hour Portuguese to English - Rates: 0.05 - 0.10 GBP per word / 15 - 30 GBP per hour
Spanish to English: Nutrición para prevenir enfermedades
Source text - Spanish Nutrición para prevenir enfermedades
Análisis
La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) define salud como “un estado de bienestar físico, psíquico y social” que, en el caso de la nutrición, une la alimentación con un hecho tan social como la comida alrededor de una mesa. Nuestros hábitos alimentarios, además, pueden evitar que suframos dolencias cardiovasculares, distintos tipos de cáncer o diabetes, entre otros problemas asociados a la mala alimentación.
Las investigaciones realizadas hasta ahora han demostrado que las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la principal causa de muerte evitable en el mundo desarrollado, van ligadas a elevados niveles de colesterol en sangre –del colesterol llamado malo o LDL y del colesterol total, suma del LDL y el colesterol bueno-. Este riesgo afecta especialmente a quienes abusan de las grasas saturadas y puede prevenirse si se sustituyen por pescados grasos –como el salmón, pescado azul, que previene el accidente cerebrovascular-, aceite de oliva –rico en ácidos grasos mono-insaturados-, los vegetales y los aceites vegetales, con su acido alfa-linolénico.
Asimismo, las llamadas grasas trans se vinculan al incremento de problemas cardiovasculares. Son las que encontramos en la bollería industrial, los productos precocinados y las margarinas, aunque algunas industrias se han comprometido a eliminarlas o reducirlas en sus productos.
Otro nutriente que ha demostrado su efecto protector contra estas dolencias es la fibra, que mantiene los niveles del colesterol bueno o HDL y reduce los niveles de triglicéridos, mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina, previniendo la aparición de diabetes. Podemos encontrarla en cereales sin refinar, frutos secos, frutas y verduras, que también son ricos en antioxidantes –vitamina C,E, carotenoides y compuestos fenólicos- y vitaminas B12 y B6.
Los estudios que relacionan la nutrición con distintos tipos de cáncer ofrecen, asimismo, resultados interesantes. Así, el cáncer de mama se asocia con un consumo excesivo de calorías (energía) y el abuso de las carnes rojas es un factor de riesgo para el cáncer de colon.. Al igual que una dieta rica en frutas y verduras constituye una defensa frente a los cánceres del tubo digestivo en general y de colon y recto en particular. En estos dos casos sabemos ya que la fibra desempeña un papel muy positivo. Al contrario sucede con el alcohol. En general, este aumenta el riesgo de cáncer de esófago y laringe, y podría desempeñar un rol de riesgo en el tumor de mama.
Sin embargo, las últimas investigaciones se orientan no tanto hacia el análisis de ciertos alimentos o nutrientes aislados como el conjunto de alimentos que ingerimos regularmente. Aquí entran con fuerza los alimentos funcionales, aquellos a los que incorporamos o restamos nutrientes para que mejoren nuestra salud. Un espacio prometedor donde hay que confirmar si los nutrientes añadidos pueden ejercer los mismos beneficios que su ingesta en un producto natural.
Translation - English Eating to prevent disease
Analysis
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing", which when applied to nutrition brings together the food that we eat with such social considerations as sitting around a table whilst eating it. Furthermore, our eating habits can prevent heart disease, diabetes as well as various types of cancer amongst other problems associated with a bad diet.
Studies have so far demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases, the principle cause of preventable death in the developed world, are linked with high levels of cholesterol in the blood – that is high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) and of total cholesterol, the total amount of LDL and good cholesterol (HDL) combined. This risk particularly affects people who abuse saturated fats. However the risk can be prevented by substituting these fats for oily fish such as Salmon or blue fish that prevent strokes, olive oil that is rich in monounsaturated fats or vegetables and vegetable oils which contain alpha-linolenic acid.
Likewise, the so called trans fats are linked to an increase in heart disease. They are the fats that we find in pre-packed bakery products, pre-cooked products and margarines. Some industries, however, are committed to reducing them or removing them completely from their products.
Another nutrient whose protective effects against these diseases have been demonstrated is fibre. Fibre maintains good cholesterol levels and reduces levels of triglycerides. It also increases sensitivity to insulin, preventing the development of diabetes. We can find it in unrefined cereals, nuts, fruit and vegetables that are also rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C and E, carotenoids and phenolics as well as vitamins B12 and B6.
Studies that link nutrition with different types of cancer also provide interesting results. Breast cancer is associated with an excessive consumption of calories (energy) and the abuse of red meat is a risk factor for colon cancer. Just as a diet rich in fruit and vegetables forms a defence against cancers of the digestive tract in general, those of the colon and rectum in particular. With these two cancers we already know that fibre plays a very positive preventative role. Alcohol does the opposite; generally speaking it increases the risk of oesophageal and laryngeal cancers, and could be a risk in the development of breast cancer.
However, the latest studies are not focused so much on the analysis of certain isolated foods or nutrients as on the overall affects of the foods we consume regularly. Here is where functional food comes into full force, those foods which we add or take nutrients from in order to improve our health. This is a promising area of research which still needs further study to confirm whether added nutrients can have the same benefits as they have when consumed in their natural forms.
French to English: Le transport maritime de vrac sec General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Transport / Transportation / Shipping
Source text - French Le transport maritime de vlac sec
Qu’est-ce-que le vrac sec ?
Il s’agit du transport de marchandises manutentionnées et acheminées en vrac (par opposition aux marchandises conteneurisées). Ce sont par exemple des matières premières pondéreuses (minerais de fer, charbons, bauxite, phosphate…), des granulats (pour le BTP), des céréales diverses, du bois, des produits semi-finis à destination de l’industrie lourde tels que bobines, tôles ou plaques d’acier, tuyaux de fonte ou lingots de cuivre. C’est un transport très dépendant de la demande industrielle et donc très lié à la conjoncture économique ; il reste aussi fonction des aléas climatiques.
Quels navires pour le vrac sec ?
Navires très simples, dotés de plusieurs cales fermées par des panneaux ouvrant, les vraquiers ont vu leur taille progresser de manière spectaculaire après la deuxième guerre mondiale pour répondre à l’essor industriel de cette période. S’ils peuvent être chargés indifféremment de toutes sortes de vracs secs, certains vraquiers comme les minéraliers sont spécialisés. En effet, certaines cargaisons très lourdes (minerai de fer) requièrent des navires à structure renforcée. La taille des navires est très variable : de quelques dizaines de mètres (caboteurs) à plus de 300 mètres pour les plus grands minéraliers (capables de transporter plus de 300 000 tonnes). Ils se répartissent en 4 grandes catégories : les Handysize (moins de 40 000 tonnes), les Supramax (40 à 60 000 tonnes), les Panamax (60 à 85 000 tonnes) et les Capesize (plus de 85 000 tonnes). Les plus petits vraquiers sont équipés de grues pour effectuer les opérations de chargement/déchargement de façon autonome. Les plus grands, en revanche, en sont dépourvus et dépendent des équipements portuaires.
Quels sont les opérateurs du transport maritime de vrac sec ?
Ce marché est caractérisé par un grand nombre d’armateurs disposant chacun, en moyenne, d’un petit nombre de navires. Parmi les plus grands opérateurs mondiaux du vrac sec, on trouve principalement des sociétés asiatiques avec Cosco (Chine), NYK (Japon), MOL (Japon), K Line (Japon). Deux armateurs français majeurs opèrent sur ce secteur : Louis Dreyfus Armateurs à travers sa filiale Cetragpa et BOURBON via sa filiale Setaf-Saget.
Quelles sont les grandes routes du vrac sec ?
Les principales routes du vrac sec relient les grands pays riches en ressources minières (Australie, Brésil, Indonésie, Inde, Colombie, Afrique du Sud…) aux pays industrialisés dépourvus de certaines ressources (Europe, Amérique du Nord, Japon, Chine, Corée du Sud, Inde). Les pays connaissant un fort développement attirent souvent de nombreux vraquiers.
Baltic Dry Index (BDI) : indice des prix du transport maritime de vrac sec. Cet indice, créé en 1999 et géré par la société britannique Baltic Exchange, est établi sur une moyenne des prix pratiqués sur 24 routes mondiales de transport en vrac de marchandises sèches.
Translation - English Dry bulk shipping
What is dry bulk?
It is the transport of goods handled and transported in bulk (as opposed to the containerised goods). They are for examples heavy raw materials (iron ore, coal, bauxite, phosphate...), ballast (for the construction industry), different types of cereals, timber, semi-finished products for heavy industry such as coils, sheet metal or steel, water pipes or copper ingots. It is very dependent on industrial demand and therefore linked to the economic situation; it also affected by whims of the weather.
Which ships carry dry bulk?
Very simple vessels which have several holds covered with opening hatches, the bulk carriers saw their sizes increase spectacularly after the Second World War to respond to the industrial boom of the period. Although they can be loaded with all sorts of dry bulk, some bulk carriers, such as ore carriers, are specialised. In fact, certain very heavy cargos (iron ore) require ships with a reinforced structure. The size of ships vary alot: from a few metres (coasters) to over 300 metres for the large ore carriers (capable of transporting more than 300 000 tonnes). They are divided into four main categories: Handysize (less than 40 000 tonnes), Supramax (40 to 60 000 tonnes), Panamax (60 to 85 000 tonnes) and Capesize (over 85 000 tonnes). The smallest bulk carriers are equipped with cranes to load and discharge without assistance. The largest on the other hand do not have them and rely on port installations.
Who are the dry bulk operators?
This market is characterised by a large number of ship-owners who each own a small number of vessels. Amongst the largest dry bulk operators in the world, we find mostly Asian companies such as Cosco (China), NYK (Japan), MOL (Japan) and K Line (Japan). Two major French ship-owners operate in this sector: Louis Dreyfus Armateurs through their subsidiary Cetragpa and BOURBON through theirs called Setaf-Saget.
What are the major dry bulk routes?
The main dry bulk routes link countries rich in mining resources (Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Colombia, South Africa...) with industrialised countries that are lacking some of these resources (Europe, North America, Japan, China, South Korea, India). Countries that are undergoing strong development often attract many bulk carriers.
Baltic Dry Index (BDI): Index of dry bulk shipping prices. The index, created in 1999 and managed by the British company the Baltic Exchange, is established by an average of prices charged on 24 world dry bulk shipping routes.
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